选择英语演讲稿模板（6篇范文）

发布时间：2024-03-28 07:00:05 查看人数：77

选择英语演讲稿模板

选择英语演讲稿模板1

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n this 1962 speech given at rice university in houston, te_as, president john f. kennedyreaffirmed america"s commitment to landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s.the president spoke in philosophical terms about the need to solve the mysteries of spaceand also defended the enormous e_pense of the space program.

president pitzer mr. vice president, governor, congressman thomas, senator wiley, andcongressman miller, mr. webb, mr. bell, scientists, distinguished guests, and ladies andgentlemen:

i appreciate your president having made me an honorary visiting professor, and i will assureyou that my first lecture will be very brief.

i am delighted to be here and i"m particularly delighted to be here on this occasion.

we meet at a college noted for knowledge, in a city noted for progress, in a state noted forstrength, and we stand in need of all three, for we meet in an hour of change and challenge, ina decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. the greater ourknowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds.

despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive andworking today, despite the fact that this nation"s own scientific manpower is doubling every 12years in a rate of growth more than three times that of our population as a whole, despitethat, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished still faroutstrip our collective comprehension.

no man can fully grasp how far and how fast we have come, but condense, if you will, the50,000 years of man"s recorded history in a time span of but a half-century. stated in theseterms, we know very little about the first 40 years, e_cept at the end of them advanced manhad learned to use the skins of animals to cover them. then about 10 years ago, under thisstandard, man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter. only five years agoman learned to write and use a cart with wheels. christianity began less than two years ago.the printing press came this year, and then less than two months ago, during this whole 50-year span of human history, the steam engine provided a new source of power. newtone_plored the meaning of gravity. last month electric lights and telephones and automobilesand airplanes became available. only last week did we develop penicillin and television andnuclear power, and now if america"s new spacecraft succeeds in reaching venus, we will haveliterally reached the stars before midnight tonight.

this is a breathtaking pace, and such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it dispels old,new ignorance, new problems, new dangers. surely the opening vistas of space promise highcosts and hardships, as well as high reward.

so it is not surprising that some would have us stay where we are a little longer to rest, to wait.but this city of houston, this state of te_as, this country of the united states was not built bythose who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. this country was conquered bythose who moved forward--and so will space.

william bradford, speaking in 1630 of the founding of the plymouth bay colony, said that allgreat and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and both must beenterprised and overcome with answerable courage.

if this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything, it is that man, in his quest forknowledge and progress, is determined and cannot be deterred. the e_ploration of space willgo ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and nonation which e_pects to be the leader of other nations can e_pect to stay behind in this race forspace.

those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrialrevolution, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and thisgeneration does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. we mean tobe a part of it--we mean to lead it. for the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moonand to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostileflag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. we have vowed that we shall not seespace filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge andunderstanding.

yet the vows of this nation can only be fulfilled if we in this nation are first, and, therefore, weintend to be first. in short, our leadership in science and industry, our hopes for peace andsecurity, our obligations to ourselves as well as others, all require us to make this effort, tosolve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men, and to become the world"sleading space-faring nation.

we set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to bewon, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. for space science, likenuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. whether it will become aforce for good or ill depends on man, and only if the united states occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifyingtheater of war. i do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse ofspace any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea, but i do saythat space can be e_plored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating themistakes that man has made in e_tending his writ around this globe of ours.

there is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. its hazards arehostile to us all. its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity forpeaceful cooperation many never come again. but why, some say, the moon? why choosethis as our goal? and they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? why, 35 years ago,fly the atlantic? why does rice play te_as?

we choose to go to the moon. we choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the otherthings, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve toorganize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one thatwe are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win,and the others, too.

it is for these reasons that i regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in space from lowto high gear as among the most important decisions that will be made during my incumbencyin the office of the presidency.

in the last 24 hours we have seen facilities now being created for the greatest and mostcomple_ e_ploration in man"s history. we have felt the ground shake and the air shatteredby the testing of a saturn c-1 booster rocket, many times as powerful as the atlas whichlaunched john glenn, generating power equivalent to 10,000 automobiles with theiraccelerators on the floor. we have seen the site where five f-1 rocket engines, each one aspowerful as all eight engines of the saturn combined, will be clustered together to make theadvanced saturn missile, assembled in a new building to be built at cape canaveral as tall asa 48 story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field.

within these last 19 months at least 45 satellites have circled the earth. some 40 of them weremade in the united states of america and they were far more sophisticated and supplied farmore knowledge to the people of the world than those of the soviet union.

the mariner spacecraft now on its way to venus is the most intricate instrument in thehistory of space science. the accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing a missile fromcape canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the 40-yard lines.

transit satellites are helping our ships at sea to steer a safer course. tiros satellites have givenus unprecedented warnings of hurricanes and storms, and will do the same for forest fires andicebergs.

we have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do not admit them. and they may beless public.

to be sure, we are behind, and will be behind for some time in manned flight. but we do notintend to stay behind, and in this decade, we shall make up and move ahead.

the growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universeand environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new toolsand computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school. technical institutions,such as rice, will reap the harvest of these gains.

and finally, the space effort itself, while still in its infancy, has already created a great numberof new companies, and tens of thousands of new jobs. space and related industries aregenerating new demands in investment and skilled personnel, and this city and this state, andthis region, will share greatly in this growth. what was once the furthest outpost on the oldfrontier of the west will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space.houston, your city of houston, with its manned spacecraft center, will become the heart of alarge scientific and engineering community. during the ne_t 5 years the national aeronauticsand space administration e_pects to double the number of scientists and engineers in this area,to increase its outlays for salaries and e_penses to $60 million a year; to invest some $200million in plant and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract for new space efforts over $1billion from this center in this city.

to be sure, all this costs us all a good deal of money. this year"s space budget is three timeswhat it was in january 1961, and it is greater than the space budget of the previous eightyears combined. that budget now stands at $5,400 million a year--a staggering sum, thoughsomewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year. space e_penditures will soonrise some more, from 40 cents per person per week to more than 50 cents a week for everyman, woman and child in the united states, for we have given this program a high nationalpriority--even though i realize that this is in some measure an act of faith and vision, for wedo not now know what benefits await us. but if i were to say, my fellow citizens, that we shallsend to the moon, 240,000 miles away from the control station in houston, a giant rocketmore than 300 feet tall, the length of this football field, made of new metal alloys, some ofwhich have not yet been invented, capable of standing heat and stresses several times morethan have ever been e_perienced, fitted together with a precision better than the finestwatch, carrying all the equipment needed for propulsion, guidance, control,communications, food and survival, on an untried mission, to an unknown celestial body, andthen return it safely to earth, re-entering the atmosphere at speeds of over 25,000 miles perhour, causing heat about half that of the temperature of the sun--almost as hot as it is heretoday--and do all this, and do it right, and do it first before this decade is out--then we mustbe bold.

i"m the one who is doing all the work, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute.

however, i think we"re going to do it, and i think that we must pay what needs to be paid. idon"t think we ought to waste any money, but i think we ought to do the job. and this will bedone in the decade of the si_ties. it may be done while some of you are still here at school atthis college and university. it will be done during the terms of office of some of the people whosit here on this platform. but it will be done. and it will be done before the end of thisdecade.

and i am delighted that this university is playing a part in putting a man on the moon as partof a great national effort of the united states of america.

many years ago the great british e_plorer george mallory, who was to die on mount everest, wasasked why did he want to climb it. he said, "because it is there."

well, space is there, and we"re going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, andnew hopes for knowledge and peace are there. and, therefore, as we set sail we ask god"sblessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man hasever embarked.

thank you.

选择英语演讲稿模板2

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knowing the consequences of choice

over the past spring festival, i got involved in a family dispute. right before i got home, four satellite channels of cctv were added to the 14 channels we had already had. in prime time at night, they all had interesting shows. therefore, the five of us-my parents, my sisters and i-had to argue over what to watch. finally, we agreed that we should watch the "most interesting" programme... if we

could agree what that was.

however, all of us there remember that for a long time after we had tv, there were only one or two channels available. the increase in options reveals an important change in our life: the abundance of choice.

fifteen years ago we all dressed in one style and in one colour. today, we select from a wide variety of designs and shades.

fifteen years ago, we read few newspapers. today, we read english newspapers like the china daily and the 21st century, as well as various chinese newspapers.

fifteen years ago, english majors took only courses in language and literature. today, we also study western culture, journalism, business communications, international relations, and computer science.

the emergence of choices marks the beginning of a new era in china"s history; an era of diversity, of material and cultural richness, and an era of the rebirth of the chinese nation.

we enjoy the abundance of choice. but this has not come easily.

about 150 years ago, china was forced to open up its door by western canons and gunboats. it has been through the struggle and sacrifice of generations that we finally have gained the opportunity to choose for ourselves. the policy of reform and openness is the choice that has made all the difference.

like others of my age, i"m too young to have e_perienced the time when the chinese people had no right to choose. however, as the ne_t century draws near, it is time to ask: what does choice really mean to us young people?

is choice a game that relies on chance or luck? is choice an empty promise that never materializes? or is choice a puzzle so difficult that we have to avoid it?

first, i would like to say: to choose means to claim opportunities.

i am a third-year english major. an important choice for me, of course, is what to do upon graduation. i can go to graduate school, at home or abroad. i can go to work as a teacher, a translator, a journalist, an editor and a diplomat. actually, the system of mutual selection has allowed me to approach almost every career opportunity in china.

indeed, this is not going to be an easy choice. i would love to work in such big cities as beijing or shanghai or shenzhen. i would also love to return to my hometown, which is intimate, though slightly lagging in development. i would love to stay in the coastal area where life is e_citing and fast-paced. i would also love to put down roots in central and western china, which is underdeveloped, but holds

great potential.

all of these sound good. but they are only possibilities. to those of us who are bewildered at the abundance of opportunities, i would like to say: to choose means to accept challenge.

to us young people, challenge often emerges in the form of competition. in the ne_t century, competition will not only come from other college graduates, but also from people of all ages and of all origins.

with increasing international e_changes, we have to face growing competition from the whole outside world. this is calling for a higher level of our personal development.

fifteen years ago, the knowledge of a foreign language or of computer operation was considered merely an advantage. but today, with wider educational opportunities, this same knowledge has become essential to everyone.

given this situation, even our smallest choices will require great wisdom and personal determination.

as we gain more initiative in choice making, the consequence of each choice also becomes more important.

nuclear power, for instance, may improve our quality of life. but it can also be used to damage the lives and possessions of millions.

economic development has enriched our lives but brought with it serious harm to our air, water and health.

to those of us who are blind to the consequences of their choices, i would like to say, to choose means to take responsibility. when we are making choices for ourselves, we cannot casually say: "it"s just my own business. " as policy makers of the ne_t century, we cannot fail to see our responsibility to those who share the earth with us.

the traditional chinese culture teaches us to study hard and work hard so as to honor our family. to me, however, this family is not just the five of us who quarreled over television programmes. rather, it is the whole of the human family. as i am making my choices, i will not forget the smile of my teacher when i correctly spelled out the word "china" for the first time, i will not forget the happy faces of the boys and girls we helped to send back to school in the mountains of jiang_i province. i will not forget the tearful eyes of women and children in bosnia, chechnya and somali, where millions are suffering from war, famine or poverty.

all these people, known and unknown, make up our big human family. at different points, they came into my life and broaden my perspective. now as i am to make choices for myself, it is time to make efforts to improve their lives, because a world will benefit us all only if every one in it can lead a peaceful and prosperous life.

选择的重要性

去年春节期间，我陷入过一场家庭纷争。在我回家之前，我们家的电视除了已有的14个频道外又增加了四个卫星频道。晚上的黄金时间，每个频道的节目都很精彩.结果，我们一家五口(父母，两个姐姐和我)为了选台而争执起来。最后，我们决定应当看"最有意思"的节目——如果我们在什么是"最有意思"上可以认同的话。

不过我们全都清楚地记得，买了电视后的好长一段时间里，只有一两个频道可供选择。电视频道的增多反映出我们生活中的一个重大变化:选择余地的扩大。

15年前，我们身着同样的款式，单一的色调。而如今，纷繁的花色和众多的式样让我们挑得眼花缭乱。 15年前，英语专业的学生只能选语言与文学课程。而如今，我们还学习西方文化，新闻，商务，国际关系，甚至还有计算机课程。

选择的涌现标志着中国进入了一个崭新的时代，一个充满多样化的时代，一个物质与精神都愈加丰富的时代，一个中华民族获得新生的时代。

我们为选择之多而欢呼雀跃，同时也深深地感到这一切来之不易。

一个半世纪之前，在西方大炮、战舰的威通下，中国被迫打开了国门。经过祖祖辈辈的抗争与牺牲，我们才最终赢得了当家作主的机会。改革开放这个正确的抉择使一切发生了翻天覆地的变化。

我和其他同龄人一样，太年轻了、没有经历过中国人丧失选择权的岁月。但是，随着下个世纪的脚步越走越近，我们是该们心自间了:选择，对于我们青年一代，到底意味着什么?

选择，是场靠侥幸来获胜的游戏吗?是句不用兑现的空话吗?抑或是种让人知难而退的困境?

首先，我认为，选择意味着抓住机遇。

我是英语专业三年级学生，我所面临的一个重大选择当然是毕业后的去向。我可以攻读硕士学位，或在国内，或在国外。我可以走上工作岗位，做名教师，翻译，记者，编辑或外交家.实际上，双向选择的体制在我面前铺开了通向各行各业的大道。

说真的，这个选择并不好做。我愿意在像北京、上海、深圳这样的大都市里工作，我也盼着能回到虽不那么发达却使我倍感亲切的故乡。我希望可以留在生活节奏快，令人兴奋的沿海地带，我也愿意扎根于广炭的中西部地区，那里虽然条件艰苦，却有极大的发展潜力。

所有这一切听上去令人振奋，但它们毕竟只是可能性。有些人面对五花八门的选择挑得眼花缭乱，我要告诉他们:选择就意味着接受挑战。

对于我们青年一代，挑战常以竟争的形式出现。到下个世纪，竞争者将不仅只是其他大学毕业生，更有各行各业不同年龄层的人们。

随着国际交流的不断增多，我们得面对来自整个外部世界日益激烈的竞争，这就对我们个/、的发展提出了更高的要求。

15年前，懂门外语或会用计算机是个优越条件。但今天，随着受教育面的拓宽，以上的知识也成了每个人必备的条件。

在这种形势下，即便最细小的选择也要求我们具有极大的智慧和自主精神。

当我们面对选择不断增强自己的主动性时，每一次选择的结果也同样变得愈加重要。

比方说，核能可以提高人民的生活水平，可它同样也能毁灭千百万人的生命财产。

经济的发展使我们富裕起来，却也给我们的空气、水、健康带来了严重危害。有些人对选择的后果毫不在乎，我要对他们说:选择还意味着承担责任。我们替自己做选择时，不能随口一句"这不关别人的事"。作为下个世纪的决策者，我们必须承担对和我们共同拥有这个地球的人们所负的责任。

传统的中华文化教育我们，要勃奋学习，努力工作，以荣耀家门。然而我认为，这个家门并不只指诸如我的那个争看电视的五口小家。更确切地说，它指的是整个人类这个大家庭。当我为自己的未来做出选择时，我不会忘记自己第一次正确读出"china"这个单词时老师脸上的笑容。我也不会忘记在我们的帮助下重返校园的江西山区的孩子们兴奋的脸庞。我更不会忘记饱受战火、饥荒、贫困蹂蹦的波斯尼亚、车臣、索马里，不会忘记那里成千上万的妇女儿童泪水模糊的双眼。

所有这些我认识或不认识的人们组成了人类这个大家庭。他们从不同的时空中走进了我的生活，开拓了我的视野。现在，我将为自己做出抉择，该是为使他们的生活变得美好而奋斗的时候了。因为只有当每个人都过上和平、富足的生活，世界才能成为大家的乐园.

选择英语演讲稿模板3

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简介：面对商场里五花八门的商品，你的选择恐惧症又犯了吗? 美国哥伦比亚大学商学教授sheena iyengar研究如何让你在做选择时更容易。为了让你的选择省时省力，商家又会有哪些诀窍呢?

do you know how many choices you make in a typical day? do you know how many choices you make in typical week? i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans, and the average number of choices that the typical american reports making is about 70 in a typical day. there was also recently a study done with ceos in which they followed ceos around for a whole week. and these scientists simply documented all the various tasks that these ceos engaged in and how much time they spent engaging in making decisions related to these tasks. and they found that the average ceo engaged in about 139 tasks in a week. each task was made up of many, many, many sub-choices of course. 50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less. only about 12 percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time. think about your own choices. do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute category versus your one hour category? how well do you think you"re doing at managing those choices?

today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choosing problems that we have, which is the choice overload problem. i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions. now as i talk about this problem, i"m going to have some questions for you and i"m going to want to know your answers. so when i ask you a question, since i"m blind, only raise your hand if you want to burn off some calories. (laughter) otherwise, when i ask you a question, and if your answer is yes, i"d like you to clap your hands. so for my first question for you today: are you guys ready to hear about the choice overload problem? (applause) thank you.

so when i was a graduate student at stanford university, i used to go to this very, very upscale grocery store; at least at that time it was truly upscale. it was a store called draeger"s. now this store, it was almost like going to an amusement park. they had 250 different kinds of mustards and vinegars and over 500 different kinds of fruits and vegetables and more than two dozen different kinds of bottled water -- and this was during a time when we actually used to drink tap water. i used to love going to this store, but on one occasion i asked myself, well how come you never buy anything? here"s their olive oil aisle. they had over 75 different kinds of olive oil, including those that were in a locked case that came from thousand-year-old olive trees.

so i one day decided to pay a visit to the manager, and i asked the manager, "is this model of offering people all this choice really working?" and he pointed to the busloads of tourists that would show up everyday, with cameras ready usually. we decided to do a little e_periment, and we picked jam for our e_periment. here"s their jam aisle. they had 348 different kinds of jam. we set up a little tasting booth right near the entrance of the store. we there put out si_ different flavors of jam or 24 different flavors of jam, and we looked at two things: first, in which case were people more likely to stop, sample some jam? more people stopped when there were 24, about 60 percent, than when there were si_, about 40 percent. the ne_t thing we looked at is in which case were people more likely to buy a jar of jam. now we see the opposite effect. of the people who stopped when there were 24, only three percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. of the people who stopped when there were si_, well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. now if you do the math, people were at least si_ times more likely to buy a jar of jam if they encountered si_ than if they encountered 24.

now choosing not to buy a jar of jam is probably good for us -- at least it"s good for our waistlines -- but it turns out that this choice overload problem affects us even in very consequential decisions. we choose not to choose, even when it goes against our best self-interests. so now for the topic of today: financial savings. now i"m going to describe to you a study i did with gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang where we looked at the retirement savings decisions of nearly a million americans from about 650 plans all in the u.s. and what we looked at was whether the number of fund offerings available in a retirement savings plan, the 401(k) plan, does that affect people"s likelihood to save more for tomorrow. and what we found was that indeed there was a correlation. so in these plans, we had about 657 plans that ranged from offering people anywhere from two to 59 different fund offerings. and what we found was that, the more funds offered, indeed, there was less participation rate.

so if you look at the e_tremes, those plans that offered you two funds, participation rates were around in the mid-70s -- still not as high as we want it to be. in those plans that offered nearly 60 funds, participation rates have now dropped to about the 60th percentile. now it turns out that even if you do choose to participate when there are more choices present, even then, it has negative consequences. so for those people who did choose to participate, the more choices available, the more likely people were to completely avoid stocks or equity funds. the more choices available, the more likely they were to put all their money in pure money market accounts. now neither of these e_treme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would recommend for people when you"re considering their future financial well-being.

well, over the past decade, we have observed three main negative consequences to offering people more and more choices. they"re more likely to delay choosing -- procrastinate even when it goes against their best self-interest. they"re more likely to make worse choices -- worse financial choices, medical choices. they"re more likely to choose things that make them less satisfied, even when they do objectively better. the main reason for this is because, we might enjoy gazing at those giant walls of mayonnaises, mustards, vinegars, jams, but we can"t actually do the math of comparing and contrasting and actually picking from that stunning display. so what i want to propose to you today are four simple techniques -- techniques that we have tested in one way or another in different research venues -- that you can easily apply in your businesses.

the first: cut. you"ve heard it said before, but it"s never been more true than today, that less is more. people are always upset when i say, "cut." they"re always worried they"re going to lose shelf space. but in fact, what we"re seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut, get rid of those e_traneous redundant options, well there"s an increase in sales, there"s a lowering of costs, there is an improvement of the choosing e_perience. when proctor & gamble went from 26 different kinds of head & shoulders to 15, they saw an increase in sales by 10 percent. when the golden cat corporation got rid of their 10 worst-selling cat litter products, they saw an increase in profits by 87 percent -- a function of both increase in sales and lowering of costs. you know, the average grocery store today offers you 45,000 products. the typical walmart today offers you 100,000 products. but the ninth largest retailer, the ninth biggest retailer in the world today is aldi, and it offers you only 1,400 products -- one kind of canned tomato sauce.

now in the financial savings world, i think one of the best e_amples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice offerings has actually been something that david laibson was heavily involved in designing, which was the program that they have at harvard. every single harvard employee is now automatically enrolled in a lifecycle fund. for those people who actually want to choose, they"re given 20 funds, not 300 or more funds. you know, often, people say, "i don"t know how to cut. they"re all important choices." and the first thing i do is i ask the employees, "tell me how these choices are different from one another. and if your employees can"t tell them apart, neither can your consumers."

now before we started our session this afternoon, i had a chat with gary. and gary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all-e_penses-paid free vacation to the most beautiful road in the world. here"s a description of the road. and i"d like you to read it. and now i"ll give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to clap your hands if you"re ready to take gary up on his offer. (light clapping) okay. anybody who"s ready to take him up on his offer. is that all? all right, let me show you some more about this. (laughter) you guys knew there was a trick, didn"t you. (honk) now who"s ready to go on this trip. (applause) (laughter) i think i might have actually heard more hands.

all right. now in fact, you had objectively more information the first time around than the second time around, but i would venture to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around. because the pictures made it feel more real to you. which brings me to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem, which is concretization. that in order for people to understand the differences between the choices, they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice, and that the consequences need to be felt in a vivid sort of way, in a very concrete way. why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an atm card or a credit card as opposed to cash? because it doesn"t feel like real money. and it turns out that making it feel more concrete can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more.

so a study that i did with shlomo benartzi and alessandro previtero, we did a study with people at ing -- employees that are all working at ing -- and now these people were all in a session where they"re doing enrollment for their 401(k) plan. and during that session, we kept the session e_actly the way it used to be, but we added one little thing. the one little thing we added was we asked people to just think about all the positive things that would happen in your life if you saved more. by doing that simple thing, there was an increase in enrollment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their savings account by four percent.

the third technique: categorization. we can handle more categories than we can handle choices. so for e_ample, here"s a study we did in a magazine aisle. it turns out that in wegmans grocery stores up and down the northeast corridor, the magazine aisles range anywhere from 331 different kinds of magazines all the way up to 664. but you know what? if i show you 600 magazines and i divide them up into 10 categories, versus i show you 400 magazines and divide them up into 20 categories, you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choosing e_perience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave you the 600. because the categories tell me how to tell them apart.

here are two different jewelry displays. one is called "jazz" and the other one is called "swing." if you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands. (light clapping) okay, there"s some. if you think the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, clap your hands. okay, a bit more. now it turns out you"re right. the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, but you know what? this is a highly useless categorization scheme. (laughter) the categories need to say something to the chooser, not the choice-maker. and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long lists of all these funds. who are they actually supposed to be informing?

my fourth technique: condition for comple_ity. it turns out we can actually handle a lot more information than we think we can, we"ve just got to take it a little easier. we have to gradually increase the comple_ity. i"m going to show you one e_ample of what i"m talking about. let"s take a very, very complicated decision: buying a car. here"s a german car manufacturer that gives you the opportunity to completely custom make your car. you"ve got to make 60 different decisions, completely make up your car. now these decisions vary in the number of choices that they offer per decision. car colors, e_terior car colors -- i"ve got 56 choices. engines, gearshift -- four choices. so now what i"m going to do is i"m going to vary the order in which these decisions appear. so half of the customers are going to go from high choice, 56 car colors, to low choice, four gearshifts. the other half of the customers are going to go from low choice, four gearshifts, to 56 car colors, high choice.

what am i going to look at? how engaged you are. if you keep hitting the default button per decision, that means you"re getting overwhelmed, that means i"m losing you. what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice, they"re hitting that default button over and over and over again. we"re losing them. they go from low choice to high choice, they"re hanging in there. it"s the same information. it"s the same number of choices. the only thing that i have done is i have varied the order in which that information is presented. if i start you off easy, i learn how to choose. even though choosing gearshift doesn"t tell me anything about my preferences for interior decor, it still prepares me for how to choose. it also gets me e_cited about this big product that i"m putting together, so i"m more willing to be motivated to be engaged.

so let me recap. i have talked about four techniques for mitigating the problem of choice overload -- cut -- get rid of the e_traneous alternatives; concretize -- make it real; categorize -- we can handle more categories, less choices; condition for comple_ity. all of these techniques that i"m describing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices -- better for you, you can use them on yourself, better for the people that you are serving. because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choosy about choosing. and the more we"re able to be choosy about choosing the better we will be able to practice the art of choosing.

thank you very much.

(applause)

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dear，

i am speaking not as a briton， not as a european， not as a member of a western democracy， but as a human being， a member of the species man， whose continued e_istence is in doubt。 the world is full of conflicts： jews and arabs; indians and pakistanis; white men and negroes in africa; and， overshadowing all minor conflicts， the titanic struggle between communism and anticommunism。

almost everybody who is politically conscious has strong feelings about one or more of these issues; but i want you， if you can， to set aside such feelings for the moment and consider yourself only as a member of a biological species which has had a remarkable history and whose disappearance none of us can desire。 i shall try to say no single word which should appeal to one group rather than to another。 all， equally， are in peril， and， if the peril is understood， there is hope that they may collectively avert it。 we have to learn to think in a new way。 we have to learn to ask ourselves not what steps can be taken to give military victory to whatever group we prefer， for there no longer are such steps。 the question we have to ask ourselves is： what steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all sides？

the general public， and even many men in positions of authority， have not realized what would be involved in a war with hydrogen bombs。 the general public still thinks in terms of the obliteration of cities。 it is understood that the new bombs are more powerful than the old and that， while one atomic bomb could obliterate hiroshima， one hydrogen bomb could obliterate the largest cities such as london， new york， and moscow。 no doubt in a hydrogen—bomb war great cities would be obliterated。 but this is one of the minor disasters that would have to be faced。 if everybody in london， new york， and moscow were e_terminated， the world might， in the course of a few centuries， recover from the blow。 but we now know， especially since the bikini test， that hydrogen bombs can gradually spread destruction over a much wider area than had been supposed。 it is stated on very good authority that a bomb can now be manufactured which will be 25，000 times as powerful as that which destroyed hiroshima。 such a bomb， if e_ploded near the ground or under water， sends radioactive particles into the upper air。 they sink gradually and reach the surface of the earth in the form of a deadly dust or rain。 it was this dust which infected the japanese fishermen and their catch of fish although they were outside what american e_perts believed to be the danger zone。 no one knows how widely such lethal radioactive particles might be diffused， but the best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with hydrogen bombs is quite likely to put an end to the human race。 it is feared that if many hydrogen bombs are used there will be universal death — sudden only for a fortunate minority， but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration。。。

here， then， is the problem which i present to you， stark and dreadful and inescapable： shall we put an end to the human race1 or shall mankind renounce war？ people will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war。 the abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty。 but what perhaps impedes understanding of the situation more than anything else is that the term "mankind" feels vague and abstract。 people scarcely realize in imagination that the danger is to themselves and their children and their grandchildren， and not only to a dimly apprehended humanity" and so they hope that perhaps war may be allowed to continue provided modern weapons are prohibited。 i am afraid this hope is illusory。 whatever agreements not to use hydrogen bombs had been reached in time of peace， they would no longer be considered binding in time of war， and both sides would set to work to manufacture hydrogen bombs as soon as war broke out， for if one side manufactured the bombs and the other did not， the side that manufactured them would inevitably be victorious。。。

as geological time is reckoned， man has so far e_isted only for a very short period one million years at the most。 what he has achieved， especially during the last 6，000 years， is something utterly new in the history of the cosmos， so far at least as we are acquainted with it。 for countless ages the sun rose and set， the moon wa_ed and waned， the stars shone in the night， but it was only with the coming of man that these things were understood。 in the great world of astronomy and in the little world of the atom， man has unveiled secrets which might have been thought undiscoverable。 in art and literature and religion， some men have shown a sublimity of feeling which makes the species worth preserving。 is all this to end in trivial horror because so few are able to think of man rather than of this or that group of men？ is our race so destitute of wisdom， so incapable of impartial love， so blind even to the simplest dictates of self—preservation， that the last proof of its silly cleverness is to be the e_termination of all life on our planet？ — for it will be not only men who will perish， but also the animals， whom no one can accuse of communism or anticommunism。

i cannot believe that this is to be the end。 i would have men forget their quarrels for a moment and reflect that， if they will allow themselves to survive， there is every reason to e_pect the triumphs of the future to e_ceed immeasurably the triumphs of the past。 there lies before us， if we choose， continual progress in happiness， knowledge， and wisdom。 shall we， instead， choose death， because we cannot forget our quarrels？ i appeal， as a human being to human beings： remember your humanity， and forget the rest。 if you can do so， the way lies open to a new paradise; if you cannot， nothing lies before you but universal death。

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面对困难的选择，我们一开始就错了

演讲者：ruth chang

think of a hard choice you"ll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.

设想在不久的未来，你将面对一个艰难的决定。这也许是在两份职业中做出一个选择，艺术家还是会计师;也许是选择居住的地方，城市还是乡村;也许是在两个人中选择和谁结婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否让年老体衰的父母跟你一起住;是否让你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你会因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者说，是否将毕生积储捐赠给慈善机构。

chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we"ve misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.

有可能，你所思考的这些艰难抉择都十分庞大，十分重要你也十分重视。每当困难的选择出现，他都会让你感到痛苦、绝望，让你咬牙切齿。但我认为我们误解了艰难抉择的定义，更误解了其在我们生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解这些艰难决定，我们每个人便会发掘出一种隐藏的潜力。

what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.

一个抉择之所以难是由于选项之间相互关联。任何简单的抉择中，总有一种选择比另一种要好。可在艰难抉择中，一种选择在某些方面较好，另一种选择在其他方面较好，二者各有千秋让人无法定夺。你痛苦地纠结于应该继续呆在这座城市里干这份工作，还是改变一下你的生活方式到乡村去接受更具挑战性的工作，因为留下有留下的好处，离开也有好处，两种选择各有千秋难以定夺。

we shouldn"t think that all hard choices are big. let"s say you"re deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.

我们不应该认为所有的艰难抉择都很庞大。打个比方，你正决定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纤维全谷干麦片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假设在此抉择中的决定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麦片对你身体好，甜甜圈却好吃很多，但两者都有自身优势，这就是一个艰难抉择。

realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.

如果意识到小的选择也可能会变得困难，那面对大的艰难抉择时我们可能就不会觉得那么棘手了。毕竟，我们总能决定早餐吃什么，所以我们也许能够想明白，究竟要留在市区，还是到乡下接手新的工作。

we also shouldn"t think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn"t decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.

同时，我们也不应该觉得，选择之所以难是因为自己很愚蠢。在我刚大学毕业的时候，我无法从两种职业中抉择，哲学还是法律。我真心喜欢哲学，若能成为哲学家，便能学到很多惊奇的东西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好。可我出生自一个朴实简素的移民家庭，我对奢侈的概念，就是能在上学的午餐盒里找到一块猪舌和一份果冻三明治。所以这种一辈子仅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其实，对我来说只是一种奢侈和轻浮的假象罢了。

so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i"d be set. i"d compare them side by side, i"d see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.

所以我拿出自己黄色笔记本，在中间划了一条线，然后竭尽所能地写出每种选择的利与弊。当时我就想：如果能知道选择某种职业后我的人生会变成怎样就好了。如果上帝或者网飞公司能送我一张dvd来向我描述这两种充满可能性的职业生涯，那我就能做出选择了。我就能一一对比，看看哪种更好，这样一来抉择就简单多了。

but i got no dvd, and because i couldn"t figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn"t quite fit. it wasn"t who i was.

但我没有收到这种dvd，而且由于我实在想不出哪一种更优，我就和大多数人一样：选择了最安全的一项。成为失业哲学家的恐惧，驱使我成了一名律师。可后来我发现，当律师不大适合我，这不是真正的我。

so now i"m a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.

所以我现在是名哲学家，我钻研艰难抉择，我可以告诉大家，对未知产生恐惧是在进行困难抉择时的自然反应，而这种恐惧来源于对艰难抉择的误解。

it"s a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we"re too stupid to know which, and since we don"t know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they"re hard because there is no best option.

我们不应该认为，在艰难抉择中某种选择总会会比另一种好，可我们自身太愚蠢，所以无法辨别，那既然我们无法定夺，倒不如选风险最小的那项。就算你完全了解了两种选项并将其一一对照，你仍然很难决定。选择之所以难，不是因为我们无知;难的原因在于没有最优选项。

now, if there"s no best option, if the scales don"t tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they"re between equally good options. but that can"t be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here"s how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.

那么，如果没有最佳项，如果衡量的天秤不会倾向于任何一方，那么任何选项都一定是好的。所以面对艰难抉择，可能正确的思维方式，就是认为选项双方一样好。这种想法肯定不对。如果选项都一样好，那还不如直接抛硬币算了，这样就会产生思想误区，让你认为自己选择事业、住处、婚嫁时都抛硬币选择就好了。

there"s another reason for thinking that hard choices aren"t choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.

还有另外一个原因，使艰难选择并非是在同等好的选项中抉择。假设你要在两份工作中挑选：你可以做投资银行家，或做平面设计师。在这个选择当中有颇多决定性因素，譬如工作带来的兴奋程度、能获得的经济保障、顾家时间等等。

maybe the artist"s career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.

也许艺术家这个职业能让你接触最前沿的图像表达技术。或许当银行家你就能接触最前端的金融操纵手段。你可以想象任何两种你喜欢的职业，但两者都不会比另一方好的。

imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.

现在，假设我们能稍微改进其中的一方。假设一间银行尝试讨好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。这一笔额外的金钱会不会让这份银行家的工作优于当艺术家呢?说不准。更高的薪酬让银行家的工作优于以前，但额外薪水不一定足够让成为银行家变得比成为艺术家好。

but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn"t make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that"s not the case with options in hard choices.

可如果对其中一种职业进行改进后结果并没有让一方优于另一方，那么两种选择本身就不可能是一样好。如果两件事一开始都同等的好，当你改进了其中一件，那它就一定会优于另一个。在艰难抉择中并非如此。

so now we"ve got a puzzle. we"ve got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can"t be right. it"s not like we"re trying to choose between two things that can"t be compared. we"re weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.

那么现在我们就有一个疑惑了。这两份工作，没有一方能完胜另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟该怎么选择呢? 貌似有些事情出错了。可能选项的本身就存在问题，导致我们无法比较。但这也不对啊。我们并不是要在两种不能被对比的事物间选择。我们说到底是在衡量两份工作的利弊，不是对比数字9和一盘煎鸡蛋的好处。对比两份工作的总体优势是我们能做到的，也是我们经常做的事。

i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.

我认为疑惑产生的原因源于一种我们对价值的草率设想。我们不知不觉地认为，诸如正义、美丽、善良的价值观都与一些科学度量类似，都能被量度，譬如长度、质量、重量。试想一个与价值观毫不相关的比较，例如两个行李箱中哪个更重。仅有三种可能性。

the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.

其中一个的重量大于、小于或等于另一个。像重量这样的性质能够用真实的数字来表达——1,2,3…… 而且在两个数字间的比较中只有三种可能。一个数字大于、小于或等于另一个数字价值观却不是如此。

as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can"t. we shouldn"t assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.

作为后启蒙时期的生物，我们总是设想科学思维可以解决世界上一切重要的问题，但价值观的世界不同于科学的世界。科学界中，一切事物可被数字度量。可价值观的世界中却不能。我们不能认为充斥着"是否"、"长度"和"重量"的数字世界与"该不该"和"该做什么"的价值世界有着同样的架构。

so if what matters to us -- a child"s delight, the love you have for your partner — can"t be represented by real numbers, then there"s no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what"s going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are "on a par."

所以，如果我们觉得重要的东西，如：孩子的幸福、对另一半的爱，不能用数字来表示，那么我们就没有理由相信，在抉择过程中只有三种可能性：其中一选项总会优于、劣于或等于另一项。我们需要一种全新的思考维度，第四种关系除了优于、劣于和等于之外，第四种关系能描述艰难抉择的运行模式。我偏好把各选项看做 "等价"。

when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn"t better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that"s why the choice is hard.

当所有选项等价时，你的选择就变得极为重要，但选项本身却没有哪个比其他的好。反之，所有的选择项都有类似的价值，都处于同一种价值范畴当中，但同时他们又具有不同的价值。这正是让选择变得困难的原因。

understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn"t know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there"s always a best alternative. if there"s a best alternative, then that"s the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.

如此理解艰难抉择，我们就会在自己身上发现一些意料之外的东西。我们每个人都有能力去创造理由。想象一下若在某个世界中你只需面对简单抉择，那么，永远都有最佳项。若有最佳项，你就应该选它，因为保持理智就意味着选好的不选坏的，选最合理的。

in such a world, we"d have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.

在这样的世界里，我们有充足的理由去穿黑袜子而不穿粉色袜子，去吃干麦片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不转向乡区，去娶betty而不娶lolita。充满简单抉择的世界，会让我们成为"原由"的奴隶。

when you think about it,it"s nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.

当你这样想，你会发现自己一定是疯了才会相信摆在你面前的选择会决定你追寻各种事物的理由，会决定你的爱好，让你住现在的房子，让你选现在的工作。事实上，当你面对的是多个选择，多个等价的选择，困难的选择，你会为自己制造理由来选择这项爱好、这所房子和这份工作。

when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we"re making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it"s here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.

当各选项等价时，我们面前的各种理性原由，这些让我们分清对错的原由，都无法给予我们一个答案。唯有在这个有艰难抉择的世界里，我们才能锻炼自己的规范性力量，以创造自我的原由，让自己变成心中想成为的人，一种更喜爱乡村生活而不是城市生活的人。

when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here"s where i stand. here"s who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.

当我们需要在等价选项间抉择时，我们能做出一些十分了不起的事。我们能把自身放在一个选项之后。(说道)这就是我的选择，这就是我。我选银行业。我选巧克力甜甜圈。

this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it"s not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it"s supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.

在艰难抉择中，这种反应是一种理性反应，但却不是由我们面前的各种原由所决定的。反而，这是由我们自己创造的理由所支撑起来的。当我们为自我创造原由去成为这种人而非那种人时，我们就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以说，我们成了谱写自我人生篇章的作者。

so when we face hard choices, we shouldn"t beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.

所以当面对艰难抉择，不应该拿脑袋撞墙绞尽脑汁地去想哪个选项更优。最佳项并不存在。与其在外界苦命寻找理由，我们该往心里找：我想成为什么样的人?你可能会决定成为一个穿粉色袜子、爱好干麦片，还住在乡村的银行家。而我可能会决定成为一个穿黑袜子，住在城市里，喜欢吃甜甜圈的艺术家。面临艰难抉择时的反应很大程度上取决于我们自己每个人。

now, people who don"t e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn"t put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn"t for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.

那些不锻炼自己规范性力量的人会成为"漂流者"。我们都认识那样的人。我(被理性原由限定)"漂流"成了律师。我并没有全身心投入到律师业务当中。我不适合当律师。漂流者允许这个世界谱写他们的生命篇章(被拖着走)。他们让奖罚机制—— 鼓励、畏惧、选择的简单性——来决定自己的道路。所以艰难抉择教会我们要审视自己能把身心与精力放到何处，自己究竟追求什么，并通过困难抉择来成为那种人。

far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that"s why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.

艰难抉择不是痛苦和恐惧的来源，而是难得的机遇让我们庆幸人类有如此特殊的选择权利，庆幸有时候区分选择正误的理性原由会用尽，而且，庆幸有在这个具有艰难抉择的世界里，我们有能力去为自己创造理由，去成为与众不同的自己。这就是为什么，艰难抉择不是一种诅咒，而是天赐之物。

thank you.(applause)

谢谢(掌声)

你该如何面对艰难的选择观后感

演讲台上，当别人激情澎湃、出口成章的时候，你是不是想过：我什么时候能成为这样的人?

生活中，当听到别人在谈论某某考上了哪所名牌高校，做的什么工作，年薪多少的时候，你是不是想过：我什么时候能成为这样的人?

当你为此深夜辗转反侧、不能入眠的时候，有没有反问过自己：我怎么样才能成为那样的人呢?

如何才能成为一个很厉害的人呢?

选择自己愿意选择的，即刻行动，从工作核心区开始。

选择自己愿意选择的

做重大选择时，应该从终极问题出发，以人生最高目标作为第一原则。ted上有个视频叫：how to make hard choices，演讲者是 ruth chang，她在里面提到做出选择时，就是找出说服自己的理由，想想自己想成为怎样的人，比较外界的因素，确实更为有效。有很多时候，选择之所以艰难，就是因为我们没有想清楚自己到底想要的是什么，从自身找原因去做出选择更有效。

借用哲学家朱莉安的一句话：只有尊重你放弃的选项，才能让你选择的选项变得更有价值。做选择时就是进行价值观的衡量，应该完全遵从自己的想法，选择自己愿意选择的选项。

在很多情况下，人们经常会在一些选择中面临二选一，比如学生要毕业时会在考研还是去找工作之中做出决定，谈恋爱时进展到一定阶段就会考虑应该跟另一半结婚还是分手。当你面临两个极端选择时，第一步就是要学会不信任"是或否"式决定。你可能正在陷入了思维狭隘的误区。需要跳出当前的思维方式，试着去用不同的角度去考虑问题，比如可以去寻找两个选择之间的连接点把能力连接起来?用六顶思维帽来评估自己的误区和其它可能，试着做出一些创造性的改造，总之，永远不要放弃寻找第三选项，因为最好的选择，往往来自在更高目标指引下的我们的创造。

即使对一些重大选择做出了错误的决定，并也不代表你的人生就毁灭了，当你把时间放到一生来看，人生就是一个不断选择再选择的过程，等过上一段时间新的选择也可能会颠覆原先那个关键的选择，选择本来也是可以被修正、被重塑的。不管你做了哪个选择，你的某些东西或特质是永远不会改变的，只要你能坚持自己的目标，虽然走的是另一条路但最终都会带着你走向同一个目的地。

即刻行动

微信上曾发起过一个活动叫100天行动。在100天内聚焦一个目标，每天坚持下去，最终培养成习惯。这个活动目前有数十万人参加，其中一个最常见的现象就是有人在加入这个活动时，经常考虑太多的问题，比如选择练字做为目标，然后就考虑应该练什么字帖，选什么笔，安排在什么时间，总想等到所有条件都合适或自己完全准备好才会开始，而一旦有这样的想法基本上都会拖延很长时间没有开始，当你要去完成一件事的时候，并且不知道应该如何去做，最好的办法就直接开始去做。只要开始了第一步，就会有第二步、第三步。就象刚才提到的练字，只要开始写上几天字，然后定期做一些总结和回顾，慢慢的就能找到符合自己的方法并且坚持下去。

在行动之后总会遇到各种各样问题，但只要问题开始细化之后，就比较容易去解决。但如果你总是想准备好之后再去行动，那么你永远无法完全准备好。

从工作核心区开始

任务分解的"三明治模型"

一个任务可以象三明治一样分解成不同的类型和区域，对于我们所面临的任务来说，绝大多数任务都有一个至关重要、通常也是最棘手的部分，这个部分需要我们集中精力、非常专注地进行思考，然后将其破解。一旦这个部分被完成，那么这个任务就已经完成了大半，余下的就是一些支持性的、补充性的工作。

当你面临一个比较艰巨的任务的时候，直接把任务切片，找出工作的核心区，然后开始调整自己的状态、安排时间、环境，可以使用番茄工作法，利用专注不受干扰的、能纯粹跳脱出来思考的、能达至"心流"状态把最关键的"核心区"搞定，这个任务会比较容易被攻克。

对不同认知类型的工作分层处理

人的大脑在对不同认知类型进行切换时，需要重新进行调整，如在写书时可以分为文字、图片、排版，如果按常规方式进行，一边文字一边排版，然后遇到配图的地方，在找图，这样的效率就很低，但你把任务按类型进行分解分为文字、插图和排版，写文字的时候就一路往下写，对于需要插图的地方，只是记下位置标记和特征要点，待到一整章写完后，才返回去加上插图。最后再排版，象使用ps处理图片中的图层一样进行分层操作，效率就很会提高很多。

在处理多项任务的场景中。比如你现在有两个任务要做，一个是写一个 word 文档，另一个是做一个ppt，常规的做法是先把其中一个做完再做另一个，或者其中一个先做。一部分再换到另一个。而图层工作法可以这么做，把 word 任务分解为word 文字、 word 图示、word 排版三部分，把 ppt 分解为 ppt 文字、ppt 图示、ppt 排版三部分。然后将相同认知类型的工作组合在一起，处理的效率就会大大加快。

"图层工作法"是完成一个复杂作品或者复杂项目的基础，甚至可能是最有效的战术，而对于习惯于制作简单作品的我们来说，它也是帮助我们迈向更高行动能力的一架梯子。正如德国思想家本雅明所说："写好散文要经过三个台阶，一个是音乐的，这时它被构思;一个是建筑的，这时它被搭建起来;最后一个是纺织的，这时它被织成。"

子曰：吾日三省吾身。要想成为一个很厉害的人，我们是不是也得经常问问自己：是否选择了自己愿意为之拼搏的选择?选择之后是否为之即刻付诸行动?行动是否张弛有度、条理分明?